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<p>Dear Miriam,</p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><o:p> The identification of materials from photographs is never a good thing to attempt as the details are seen in isolation from the other features that are important in arriving at a confident
identification. However here are my thoughts. I would be grateful for acknowledgement in any report or publication using this information as I have to continue to list outcomes for my research funders - once you take their money it seems that they never let
you go!</o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><span style="font-size: 12pt;"><br>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><o:p></o:p><span style="font-size: 12pt;">It is not possible to identify the material from the photograph
<b>DISK-one-disk</b>, as no diagnostic features are visible, but all the other images show features that I have seen in natural fracture surfaces in ivories, and some of them are specific to elephant ivory.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><b>DISK-ondulating-surface; DISK-dentine-waves.._</b>and
<b>DISK-dentine-waves2.._</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt">These are features that I see in natural circumferential fractures at the cementum/dentine junction. They are consistent with elephant ivory. The undulations should be running parallel to
the axis of the tusk. The wavey lines, at right angles to the undulations, are the edges of the dentine cones. <span style="font-family: Calibri, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", NotoColorEmoji, "Segoe UI Symbol", "Android Emoji", EmojiSymbols; font-size: 16px;">Virág,
2012: 1413, fig.6 shows a circumferential fracture between dentine lamallae which is not the same thing.</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><b>schreger-cementum2._and schreger-cementum._</b><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt">This elephant is ivory and shows the dentine/cementum junction in transverse fracture section (cementum to the right).<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"> <o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><b>DISK-schreger-structure.</b> This is also a transverse fracture section of elephant ivory. And the upper surface might be cementum but there is not enough in focus to be sure.<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><b>unknown1 and unknown1.1</b>
<o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt">These photographs are of a very decayed dentine, probably elephant ivory. The dentine lamaellae are lying horizontally and the dentinal tubules are running vertically. It is difficult to be
sure of the direction of the visible fracture surface without being able to examine the object first hand and observe the evidence available on all surfaces. However these features are consistent with an oblique longitudinal fracture.<o:p></o:p></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt">I hope that helps.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt"><br>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt">Sonia</p>
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Dr Sonia O'Connor <font size="1">PhD FSA FIIC ACR Honorary Visiting Fellow, University of York</font>
<div>Post-doctoral Researcher</div>
<div>Archaeological Sciences</div>
<div>Division of AGES</div>
<div>University of Bradford</div>
<div>Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP</div>
<div><br>
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<div>Tel 01274 236498</div>
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<div id="divRplyFwdMsg" dir="ltr"><font face="Calibri, sans-serif" color="#000000" style="font-size:11pt"><b>From:</b> Bonetools <bonetools-bounces@listserv.niif.hu> on behalf of Miriam Luciañez Triviño <mlucianez@us.es><br>
<b>Sent:</b> 16 June 2016 09:02<br>
<b>To:</b> bonetools@listserv.niif.hu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Bonetools] doubts about raw material: Chalcolithic funerary structure</font>
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<p>Dear Bonetoolers,</p>
<p>I am studying a very interesting ensemble from a Chalcolithic funerary structure from the southwest Spain. The typology of the objects is varied (small figurines of zoomorphs, perforated disks, pins, rings...). We also have lots of fragments of proboscidean
ivory (fragments of the unworked tusk). Lots of the objects are made of ivory, others of bone, but we have some doubts about the raw material of some of the artefacts. I would like to ask you for your help to identify the raw material, or if you could give
me any clue. I would like to show you as well some structural features I've never seen before, if someone could explain me the origin of them :)</p>
<p>Some of the perforated disks are made of proboscidean ivory, but in those that are entire I cannot be sure of the raw material because they have a strongly worked surface. I would like to show you the features I have found in one of them (files attached)
and here the questions: Why we see in this naturally separated tangential profile this kind of "waves" and an undulating surface? In this natural separation I expected to find adjacent "lines" (like in Virág, 2012: 1413, fig.6, and as I have documented in
other ivory objects). Have you parallels of this perforated disks in Chalcolithic contexts (or Neolithic or Bronze Age)?</p>
<p>In the images called unknown 1 and 1.1, will you say this is ivory? (Is another object, maybe a small handle, with a perforation with "something" inside)</p>
<p>And the last question. In the photos schreger-cementum, do you think the layer without Schreger and more "grainy" texture could be the cementum?</p>
<p>Thank you so much for your help and suggestions, and sorry for so many questions....</p>
<p>Bests,</p>
<p>Miriam LT</p>
<p>PD. Virag, A. (2012) Histogenesis of the Unique Morphology of Proboscidean Ivory.
<em>Journal of morphology </em>273: 1406-1423.</p>
<div>-- <br>
<pre><span style="font-size:small"><span style="color:#3366ff; font-family:andale mono,times">Miriam Luciañez Triviño</span><br><span style="font-family:andale mono,times">Contrato Predoctoral del Gobierno Vasco<br><br>Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología<br>Universidad de Sevilla<br>María de Padilla s/n. 41004. Sevilla. Spain<br>Phone: (34) 954 556906<br>Fax: (34) 954 559920<br><br>E-mail: mlucianez@us.es<br>http://www.departamento.us.es/dpreyarq/web<br>http://www.grupo.us.es/atlas</span></span></pre>
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