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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Dear Miriam,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I am sorry to disappoint you but this is definitely not an ivory of any species. It is bone.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">I can see why you might mistake the secondary osteon structures of the bone for the whorled secondary dentine of the walrus tusk but you have mistaken the scale
of these features. The images in Espinoza and Mann do not show the features of walrus ivory clearly. I have attached a detail from a transverse section of walrus tusk. On the right is a mm scale (showing 3 mm divisions). Next to this you can see the banded
(bone-like) outer cementum layer of the tusk, then the primary dentine and, finally, the secondary dentine on the left.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Notice that the primary dentine of walrus ivory is very homogeneous. It is minutely layered and does not contain blood vessels or form repeated bands of variable
colour or translucency. The bands in your fragment are not continuous layers. They are formed by circumferentially aligned blocks of bone. This is often called plexiform bone because it looks a bit like a brick wall. Plexiform bone is described and illustrated
at <a href="http://www.umich.edu/~bme332/ch9bone/bme332bone.htm">http://www.umich.edu/~bme332/ch9bone/bme332bone.htm</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">You can also see in my image of walrus ivory that the whorled secondary dentine is made up of complex and convoluted structures embedded in a plain dentine
matrix. It is quite different in detail to the secondary osteons in your bone, each of which are made of a column of bone laid down around a central blood vessel.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">As Alice says, I produced the images and text for a web resource to aid identification of these materials a couple of years ago but, frustratingly, the construction
of the site, which is too complex for me to undertake, has yet to be completed (Grrrrrrr!). However, I am always happy to help and share my knowledge.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">All the best,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Sonia<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Dr Sonia O'Connor
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">PhD FSA FIIC ACR Honorary Visiting Fellow, University of York</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Post-doctoral Researcher<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Archaeological Sciences<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Division of AGES,
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">University of Bradford<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left:72.0pt"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">tel 01274 23 6498<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Bonetools [mailto:bonetools-bounces@listserv.niif.hu]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Miriam Luciañez Triviño<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 16 March 2016 14:14<br>
<b>To:</b> bonetools@listserv.niif.hu<br>
<b>Cc:</b> bonetools-request@listserv.niif.hu<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Bonetools] Bonetools Digest, Vol 120, Issue 21<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">Hello again,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">but do you think this is some kind of dentin? I was thinking in a "rare" (for the context) option: ivory of walrus (Odobenus rosmarus). I've never seen this material "in direct", so I only
know it for published photos, like in <a href="https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/resources/pub/E-Ivory-guide.pdf">
https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/resources/pub/E-Ivory-guide.pdf</a><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">Thank you very much,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">Miriam<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">---<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<pre><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times","serif";color:#3366FF">Miriam Luciañez Triviño</span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><br></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:"Times","serif"">Contrato Predoctoral del Gobierno Vasco<br><br>Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología<br>Universidad de Sevilla<br>María de Padilla s/n. 41004. Sevilla. Spain<br>Phone: (34) 954 556906<br>Fax: (34) 954 559920<br><br>E-mail: <a href="mailto:mlucianez@us.es">mlucianez@us.es</a><br><a href="http://www.departamento.us.es/dpreyarq/web">http://www.departamento.us.es/dpreyarq/web</a><br><a href="http://www.grupo.us.es/atlas">http://www.grupo.us.es/atlas</a></span><o:p></o:p></pre>
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<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif""> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Verdana","sans-serif"">El 16/03/2016 14:57,
<a href="mailto:bonetools-request@listserv.niif.hu">bonetools-request@listserv.niif.hu</a> escribió:<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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Today's Topics:<br>
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1. Re: material identification (Alice Choyke)<br>
2. Any idea about this function of this artifact ?<br>
(Christopher Arabatzis)<br>
<br>
<br>
----------------------------------------------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 1<br>
Date: Wed, 16 Mar 2016 12:06:26 +0100<br>
From: "Alice Choyke" <<a href="mailto:Choyke@ceu.edu">Choyke@ceu.edu</a>><br>
To: <a href="mailto:bonetools@listserv.niif.hu">bonetools@listserv.niif.hu</a><br>
Subject: Re: [Bonetools] material identification<br>
Message-ID: <<a href="mailto:56E94C42.66DE.00FB.0@ceu.edu">56E94C42.66DE.00FB.0@ceu.edu</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Sonia - you should use such questions to get your on-line identification manual kick started - there is a need. As for the exact material , I will leave that identification to the ivory specialists.<br>
<br>
Alice<br>
<br>
<br>
<br>
ALICE M. CHOYKE<br>
Associate Professor<br>
--------------------------------------------------------<br>
Central European University<br>
Medieval Studies Department<br>
Nador u. 9, <br>
1051 Budapest, Hungary<br>
Office: + 36.1.327-3801 <a href="mailto:choyke@ceu.hu">choyke@ceu.hu</a> | <a href="http://www.ceu.hu">
www.ceu.hu</a> |<br>
<a href="http://www.wbrg.net">www.wbrg.net</a> | <a href="http://www.imareal.sbg.ac.at/mad/">
www.imareal.sbg.ac.at/mad/</a> | <a href="http://www.medievalstudies.ceu.hu">www.medievalstudies.ceu.hu</a><br>
See CEU story: <a href="http://www.youtube.com/ceuhungary">www.youtube.com/ceuhungary</a>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New"">Miriam Lucia?ez Trivi?o<<a href="mailto:mlucianez@us.es">mlucianez@us.es</a>> 3/16/2016 12:03 PM >>><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Courier New""><br>
Dear all,<br>
Could someone help me to identify the osseous material of this piece? (Attached in the image).
<br>
I will be very grateful if you could help me.<br>
Thank you very much,<br>
Miriam<br>
-- <br>
<br>
Miriam Lucia?ez Trivi?oContrato Predoctoral del Gobierno VascoDepartamento de Prehistoria y Arqueolog?aUniversidad de SevillaMar?a de Padilla s/n. 41004. Sevilla. SpainPhone: (34) 954 556906Fax: (34) 954 559920E-mail:
<a href="mailto:mlucianez@us.eshttp:">mlucianez@us.eshttp:</a>//www.departamento.us.es/dpreyarq/webhttp://www.grupo.us.es/atlas<br>
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------------------------------<br>
<br>
Message: 2<br>
Date: Wed, 16 Mar 2016 15:57:27 +0200<br>
From: Christopher Arabatzis <<a href="mailto:christ.arabatzis@gmail.com">christ.arabatzis@gmail.com</a>><br>
To: "Mailing list for archaeologists of the research group for the<br>
study of object and waste of bone, antler. ivory and horn."<br>
<<a href="mailto:Bonetools@listserv.niif.hu">Bonetools@listserv.niif.hu</a>><br>
Subject: [Bonetools] Any idea about this function of this artifact ?<br>
Message-ID:<br>
<<a href="mailto:CAMaGw43bobD7=CbpRr8+eg7E3Jho6Ca=_wzPSLDcZE+i57=ZhQ@mail.gmail.com">CAMaGw43bobD7=CbpRr8+eg7E3Jho6Ca=_wzPSLDcZE+i57=ZhQ@mail.gmail.com</a>><br>
Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8"<br>
<br>
Dear all,<br>
<br>
I hope you are fine.<br>
<br>
I'm attaching a photo of an artifact from a neolithic settlement in Greece<br>
that dates back to the second half of the 5th millennium B.C.<br>
<br>
Any ideas about its' use are very welcomed.<br>
<br>
Best Regards,<br>
Chris<br>
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