<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8">
<meta name="Generator" content="Microsoft Word 14 (filtered medium)">
<style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Tahoma;
panose-1:2 11 6 4 3 5 4 4 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:12.0pt;
font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:blue;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:purple;
text-decoration:underline;}
p.MsoAcetate, li.MsoAcetate, div.MsoAcetate
{mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"טקסט בלונים תו";
margin:0cm;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:8.0pt;
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";}
span.EmailStyle17
{mso-style-type:personal-reply;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
color:#1F497D;}
span.a
{mso-style-name:"טקסט בלונים תו";
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-link:"טקסט בלונים";
font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";}
@page WordSection1
{size:612.0pt 792.0pt;
margin:72.0pt 90.0pt 72.0pt 90.0pt;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</head>
<body lang="EN-US" link="blue" vlink="purple">
<div class="WordSection1">
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Hi Ariel,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Nice story, but I have some doubts whether a prisoner in those days was given such a large bone for supper!<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Etan
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Bonetools [mailto:bonetools-bounces@listserv.niif.hu]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Ariel Shatil<br>
<b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, April 30, 2014 11:48 AM<br>
<b>To:</b> Mailing list for archaeologists of the research group for the study of object and waste of bone, antler. ivory and horn.<br>
<b>Subject:</b> Re: [Bonetools] Brushes<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">Hi Marit, thank you for the information!
<br>
Indeed I noticed the tunnel crossing into each line of holes and thought it was serving a similar purpose as the incisions, and probably related to attaching the tufts.<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt">Here's a little story about how the modern tooth brush was invented, and guess what: it was a bone tool from the inventor's dinner. The story is from Wikipedia, so I'm not sure whats fact and whats legend.<br>
<br>
"In 1770, he (William Addis) had been jailed for causing a riot; while in prison he decided that the method used to clean teeth – at the time rubbing a
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">rag</a> with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">
soot</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> on the teeth – was ineffective and could be improved. To that end, he saved a small animal
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> left over from the meal he had eaten the previous night, into which he drilled small holes. He then obtained some bristles from one of his guards, which he tied in tufts that he then passed through
the holes in the bone, and which he finally sealed with glue. After his release, he started a business that would manufacture the toothbrushes he had built, and he soon became very rich. He died in 1808"<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal">Ariel<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><o:p> </o:p></p>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal">On Wed, Apr 30, 2014 at 11:33 AM, Marit Gaimster <<a href="mailto:MGaimster@pre-construct.com" target="_blank">MGaimster@pre-construct.com</a>> wrote:<o:p></o:p></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Hi Ariel,</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#365F91">The reason there are no incisions on the back of your toothbrushes is that they were
made using a different technique. Where the graves at the back were for securing the copper-alloy wire that held the tufts together, on your toothbrushes tunnels were drilled from the end of the head, joining the drilled holes; the bristle was then attached
with the help of a looped wire that was pushed through the tunnel and up through each hole. To create a smooth finish, the tiny tunnel holes were then plugged!
</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D">Best wishes from Marit</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D"> </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div style="border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"">From:</span></b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif""> Bonetools [mailto:<a href="mailto:bonetools-bounces@listserv.niif.hu" target="_blank">bonetools-bounces@listserv.niif.hu</a>]
<b>On Behalf Of </b>Ariel Shatil<br>
<b>Sent:</b> 30 April 2014 06:57<br>
<b>To:</b> Mailing list for archaeologists of the research group for the study of object and waste of bone, antler. ivory and horn.<br>
<b>Subject:</b> [Bonetools] Brushes</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-GB"> <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-GB">Dear list,<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-GB">A few weeks or months ago Etan Ayalon asked for parallels to a fragment of a tooth brush from Wadi al-Sheih (Haifa, Israel). Here are a few fragments of tooth
brushes from Jerusalem probably dating to the late Ottoman period or British Mandate. They are only slightly different from Etan's brushes (there are no line incisions on the back). Some of them have holes piercing through the brush, so maybe they were attached
to a frame from a different material?<o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-GB">Another interesting brush is a large rectangular one with many holes, all of them pierce through the object, so it must have had a frame of wood, horn or other
material or it was double sided. The rims around the circumference are painted brown-red, and on the sides there are the remains of a hard flaky substance (maybe glue). The holes are arranged in a nice pattern - two high rimed holes surrounded by 8 regular
holes.The opposite surface is completely flat without the alternating high rimed holes (therefore I think it was covered).
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<div>
<div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><span lang="EN-GB"><br>
-- <br>
Ariel Shatil<br>
Institute of Archaeology<br>
The Hebrew University, Jerusalem <o:p></o:p></span></p>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><br>
_______________________________________________<br>
Bonetools mailing list<br>
<a href="mailto:Bonetools@listserv.niif.hu">Bonetools@listserv.niif.hu</a><br>
<a href="https://listserv.niif.hu/mailman/listinfo/bonetools" target="_blank">https://listserv.niif.hu/mailman/listinfo/bonetools</a><o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal"><br>
<br clear="all">
<br>
-- <br>
Ariel Shatil<br>
Institute of Archaeology<br>
The Hebrew University, Jerusalem <o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom:12.0pt"><br>
<br>
<br>
************************************************************************************<br>
This footnote confirms that this email message has been scanned by<br>
PineApp Mail-SeCure for the presence of malicious code, vandals & computer viruses.<br>
************************************************************************************<o:p></o:p></p>
</div>
</body>
</html>