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    <div class="moz-cite-prefix">We have had allready such a
      "conference" a coupkle of  years go. I recall you :<br>
      <br>
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            style="font-family:Times">cuivre
            (conservation au) </span></b><span
          style="font-family:Times">: 167 (cuirs), 179
          (épingles corne), 228, 246<br>
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          591.05pt"><span style="font-family:Times">167 POPLIN, F., 1992
            - Des cuirs de l'Age du Bronze
            conservés par le cuivre. <i
              style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Autour du cuir,
              Rencontres archéologiques de Guiry 1991</i> (1992), Musée
            archéol. dép. du Val
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            figs.<br>
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POPLIN
          F., 1993 - La corne des épingles,<i
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          sous la dir. de D. Schaad, Toulouse, A.P.A.M.P., 359-361, 3
          figs</span>.<br>
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            POPLIN F., 1999
            - La main verte, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Trésors
              méconnus du
              Musée de l'Homme</i>, Paris, Cherche-Midi, 141.<br>
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          591.05pt"><span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt">246 POPLIN F.,
            2001 - De Lebeuf à Buffon : la main
            verte de Merry-sur-Yonne, <i
              style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Bull. Soc. nat.
              des Antiquaires de France</i>, 1997 (2001), 282-288, 1
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          <span style="letter-spacing:-.1pt"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
        You can see "verdigrised" ivory knife handles in the Eauze
        treasury typing "trésor eauze" on Google. The best in that case
        is<big><b> 2 preserved horn pins (I mean : made of horn of
            cattle, keratin).</b></big><br>
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            ostrich eggs  : </span></b><span style="font-family:Times">202,
          239 </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span
            style="font-family:Times">(with "batik" technic, using
            etching)</span></b></p>
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          591.05pt"><span style="font-family:Times">202 POPLIN F., 1995
            - Sur le polissage des oeufs
            d'autruche en archéologie, <i
              style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">Archaeozoology
              of the Near East, II, </i>126-139, 5 fig.<br>
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          style="text-align:justify;line-height:12.0pt;mso-pagination:
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            POPLIN F., 2000
            - Œufs d'autruche décorés grecs et étrusques : technique et
            diffusion, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">in </i>:
            <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">L'artisanat
              en Grèce ancienne. Les productions, les diffusions, Coll.
              EFA-MOM, Lyon, 10-11
              déc. 1998</i>, Lille, Univ. Lille 3, 127-143, 14 fig.<b
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        195.05pt 231.05pt 267.05pt 303.05pt 339.05pt 375.05pt 411.05pt
        447.05pt">No pdf, soory ; but I can send papers...<br>
        <span style="font-family:Times"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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      <br>
      <br>
      Le 17/04/2014 20:10, Kordula Gostencnik a écrit :<br>
    </div>
    <blockquote
cite="mid:CAFcjJ0ZJ9MW48YT+-do6oNNoCR1UdAht2gpxZ8CEbm9FMAh=QQ@mail.gmail.com"
      type="cite">
      <meta http-equiv="Context-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8">
      <div dir="ltr">
        <div>... and the easiest way to dye textiles green is to put
          sour milk into a copper vessel along with the textile - I
          think the effect is also due to the chemical reaction which
          produces verdigris, but I am completely unfamiliar with this
          science. This is one of the rare methods of direct dyeing
          where no mordant is necessary for the textiles. We tried it
          out with cloth and it is astonishing how it works. John Peter
          Wild refers to it in his book "Textile produciton in the
          north-western Roman provinces" - sorry I can't give the full
          reference. Might this also work with bones?</div>
        <div> </div>
        <div>Sincerly</div>
        <div>Kordula</div>
      </div>
      <div class="gmail_extra"><br>
        <br>
        <div class="gmail_quote">2014-04-17 17:07 GMT+02:00 SA O'Connor
          <span dir="ltr"><<a moz-do-not-send="true"
              href="mailto:S.Oconnor@bradford.ac.uk" target="_blank">S.Oconnor@bradford.ac.uk</a>></span>:<br>
          <blockquote class="gmail_quote">Dear All,<br>
            <br>
            I agree this is a fascinating topic and we aught to also
            consider traces of gilding and adhesives, and dressings such
            as waxes and oils.<br>
            <br>
            I am familiar with copper acetate discolouration in
            paintings and works of art on paper and this goes very brown
            with time.  I don't think this is the case on this bone
            buckle.  If the colour were due to the deterioration over
            time of copper acetate then I would have expected the
            changes to be seen generally over the surface of the object
            and not restricted to specific features. The brown appears
            to  be due to the underlying colour variation in the bone -
            the stripe on the back, for instance, is an area of unworked
            endosteal surface of the longbone from which the buckle is
            cut. Perhaps the colour differences are due to  the staining
            reacting with variable amounts of fatty material in the
            surface of the worked and unworked bone? I would be
            interested to hear anyone's thoughts on this.<br>
            <br>
            On the bone and ivory objects I have examined in detail the
            green colouration is definitely a staining and not the
            application of a particulate pigment in a medium.  Perhaps
            copper acetate is involved at some stage in the process of
            corroding the copper but once the copper is in solution it
            has to combines with the mineral component of the bone to
            produce a permanent staining. The result is a stain that
            seems to have more the colour and stability of malacite (or
            at least something chemically similar to this) than copper
            acetate.<br>
            <br>
            I do not know what luck I will have in chasing the thesis I
            mentioned but I will try to do this after Easter. I do also
            have some copies of recent historic publications that detail
            bone staining processes that I have always meant to read and
            I will try to find time to look at these too, but probably
            not until mid May.<br>
            <br>
            Are you aware of the work that has been going on at the
            British Museum to look for traces of colour on the Lewis
            Chessmen?  I am not sure how far they have got with this but
            I do know some of the people involved.<br>
            <br>
            All the best,<br>
            <br>
            Sonia<br>
            <br>
            Quoting Vincent Cattersel <<a moz-do-not-send="true"
              href="mailto:vincent.cattersel@gmail.com" target="_blank">vincent.cattersel@gmail.com</a>>:<br>
            <br>
            <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
              <div>
                Dear David and Sonia,<br>
                <br>
                the rivets were bronze so the green colouration could
                well be coming from<br>
                the rivets' oxidation. However this staining was limited
                to the surface<br>
                (surface of the cortical bone) and not in sub-surface
                layers. Therefore we<br>
                assume that the colouration was done deliberately.<br>
                Based on our data, a relationship with a certain recipe
                wasn't possible but<br>
              </div>
              we think it was a copper based product (so called
              *verdigris*, basic copper
              <div>
                <div class="h5"><br>
                  acetate, Cu(OH)2 · (CH3COO)2 · 5 H2O).<br>
                  <br>
                  You also mention the use of urine, which was
                  frequently used for producing<br>
                  metal salt based pigments. The urine itself induces
                  the corrosion on the<br>
                  copper sample. After it is corroded, one can scratch
                  of the crystals, grind<br>
                  them to the desired particle size, add a medium (e.g.
                  oil, wax) et voilà, a<br>
                  green pigment. See these two pictures from an
                  experiment I have done in<br>
                  2003.<br>
                  [image: Inline images 2]   [image: Inline images 1]<br>
                  On the first picture you can see small slabs of copper
                  hanging above<br>
                  vinegar (I could have well replaced the vinegar with
                  urine). There should<br>
                  be no contact between the copper slabs and the fluid.
                  The vapours of the<br>
                  fluid induces the corrosion process. On the second
                  picture you can see the<br>
                  actual scrapings of the copper acetate crystals, which
                  are ready to use.<br>
                  One often read in historical recipes that the jar
                  should be buried in horse<br>
                  dong. The bacterial activity in the latter produces
                  heat (sometimes +70°<br>
                  Celcius) and therefore it significantly increases the
                  corrosion process and<br>
                  reduces the production time.<br>
                  <br>
                  <br>
                  Sonia:<br>
                  the object you have mailed also has the same green
                  colouration as I would<br>
                  expect from an object coloured with a basic copper
                  acetate based pigment.<br>
                  What draws my attention is the brownish decolouration
                  on both sides of that<br>
                  object. Copper acetate is quite unstable and when
                  exposed to light and a<br>
                  'high degree of humidity' it turns into the more
                  stable molecule copper<br>
                  oxide, which is brown to black.<br>
                  <br>
                  <br>
                  Yours,<br>
                  Vincent Cattersel<br>
                  <br>
                  <br>
                  <br>
                  On 17 April 2014 13:36, SA O'Connor <<a
                    moz-do-not-send="true"
                    href="mailto:S.Oconnor@bradford.ac.uk"
                    target="_blank">S.Oconnor@bradford.ac.uk</a>>
                  wrote:<br>
                  <br>
                  <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                    Dear David,<br>
                    <br>
                    Back in the 1980s, when I was at the York
                    Archaeological Trust we were<br>
                    involved in providing green stained objects for an
                    undergraduate<br>
                    dissertation by a University of Bradford,
                    Archaeological Sciences, student<br>
                    (surname of Edwards, I think) to look at exactly
                    this question.  Some<br>
                    objects seemed to be accidentally stained (often
                    very patchy) whilst others<br>
                    were intensely and evenly stained and were
                    considered to be deliberately<br>
                    coloured. All were analysed by XRF and copper/bronze
                    proved to be the basis<br>
                    of all the staining solutions used.<br>
                    <br>
                    In my more recent work I have documented historical
                    pieces, such selected<br>
                    elements of bone and antler in box and gun inlays
                    and bone and ivory<br>
                    cutlery handles(and working waste from cutlers) that
                    are undeniably<br>
                    deliberately stained.<br>
                    <br>
                    I attach a low resolution image an archaeological
                    example, a buckle at the<br>
                    Yorkshire Museum that I am convinced is deliberately
                    stained in this way.<br>
                    <br>
                    All the best,<br>
                    <br>
                    Sonia<br>
                    <br>
                      Quoting David Constantine <<a
                      moz-do-not-send="true"
                      href="mailto:dkconstantine@btinternet.com"
                      target="_blank">dkconstantine@btinternet.com</a>>:<br>
                    <br>
                     I am aware that copper (or alloys) is often cited
                    as a green dye for<br>
                    <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                      (such as in MacGregor 1985), but I believe there
                      is also recipes from the<br>
                      Mappae Clavicula that use weld, urine and "lulax"
                      to dye bone green, so I<br>
                      was curious to see if any chemical analysis has
                      been performed to determine<br>
                      how the green has been achieved.<br>
                      <br>
                      Looking at the zoomed images, I believe the rivets
                      are iron.<br>
                      <br>
                      Regards,<br>
                      <br>
                      David Constantine<br>
                      <br>
                      <br>
                      ________________________________<br>
                       From: Kordula Gostencnik <<a
                        moz-do-not-send="true"
                        href="mailto:kgosten@gmail.com" target="_blank">kgosten@gmail.com</a>><br>
                      To: "Mailing list for archaeologists of the
                      research group for the study<br>
                      of object and waste of bone, antler. ivory and
                      horn." <<br>
                      <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                        href="mailto:bonetools@listserv.niif.hu"
                        target="_blank">bonetools@listserv.niif.hu</a>><br>
                      Sent: Wednesday, 16 April 2014, 20:21<br>
                      Subject: Re: [Bonetools] Colouring bone<br>
                      <br>
                      <br>
                      <br>
                      Green stains are normally caused by bronze objects
                      or copper alloy scrap<br>
                      associated with worked bones in the soil. Are the
                      rivets all made from iron<br>
                      or also from bronze?<br>
                      <br>
                      Kordula<br>
                      <br>
                      <br>
                      <br>
                      2014-04-16 17:15 GMT+02:00 Dave Constantine <<a
                        moz-do-not-send="true"
                        href="mailto:dkconstantine@btinternet.com"
                        target="_blank">dkconstantine@btinternet.com</a><br>
                      >:<br>
                      <br>
                      Thank you all for your replies.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <br>
                        Vincent, the green stained comb you linked is
                        rather interesting. Do you<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      know what the green pigment is? Also, looking at
                      the images, it seems<br>
                      that it is<br>
                      no more than a surface colourant with little
                      penetration, is this correct?<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <br>
                        Thank you for your suggestion of minium, I was
                        at a loss about what it<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      could be. It is not a fresh find, it was
                      originally discovered in the<br>
                      1960s (or<br>
                      possibly 1970s) and mounted on a card for display.
                      To the best of my<br>
                      knowledge<br>
                      though, the colouring is original, though it is
                      possible that the surface<br>
                      was<br>
                      also coloured and this has simply failed to
                      survive.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <br>
                        I have Arthur MacGregor’s book, and very useful
                        it is too on the matter<br>
                        of<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      colouring.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <br>
                        Regards,<br>
                        <br>
                        David Constantine<br>
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        From: Vincent Cattersel<br>
                        Sent: Wednesday, April 16, 2014 2:03 PM<br>
                        To: Mailing list for archaeologists of the<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      research group for the study of object and waste
                      of bone, antler. ivory<br>
                      and<br>
                      horn.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        Subject: Re: [Bonetools] Colouring bone<br>
                          Dear all,<br>
                        <br>
                        this is a first where I might be able to
                        contribute to this group, but<br>
                        I'm<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      happy to do so:<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <br>
                        In 2008 I have conserved and restored 8
                        bone/antler combs from the<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      Merovingian period at the Royal Institute for
                      Cultural Heritage (Brussels,<br>
                      Belgium). These combs are currently preserved at
                      the Royal Museums of Art<br>
                      and<br>
                      History in Brussels, Belgium.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        Here you can find pictures of a few of them
                        (click on the pictures to<br>
                        get a<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      zoomable high resolution image):<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                          href="http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X026849&objnr=20042741"
                          target="_blank">http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X026849&objnr=20042741</a><br>
                        <br>
                        <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                          href="http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X035781&objnr=20052916"
                          target="_blank">http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X035781&objnr=20052916</a><br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      (green staining on the surface, carbon black in
                      the circular<br>
                      motives)<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <br>
                        <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                          href="http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X026845&objnr=20052917"
                          target="_blank">http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X026845&objnr=20052917</a><br>
                        <br>
                        <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                          href="http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X038388&objnr=20052919"
                          target="_blank">http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X038388&objnr=20052919</a><br>
                        <br>
                        <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                          href="http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X035783&objnr=20052922"
                          target="_blank">http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X035783&objnr=20052922</a><br>
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        Some of these where coloured and stained with
                        green and carbon black. We<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      used µ-XRF, µ-RAMAN and SEM(-EDX) to analyse the
                      stains and the carbon<br>
                      black<br>
                      particles.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <br>
                        So staining and colouring isn't that uncommon,
                        as you probably already<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      know.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <br>
                        When I look at the picture, I can see that the
                        red is slightly orange,<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      which makes me think about the pigment lead red
                      (also called 'minium' or<br>
                      lead<br>
                      tetra-oxide, Pb3O4). This isn't a<br>
                      surprise since it is one of the oldest known vivid
                      red pigments (except<br>
                      for some<br>
                      iron oxide pigments derived from hematite and red
                      earth or cinnabar (HgS),<br>
                      however they all are true 'reddish' in colour and
                      lack the hint of<br>
                      orange).<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        Some simple identification techniques for minium
                        are:<br>
                                * Ultraviolet fluorescence (if minium,
                        it minium it should show<br>
                        a dark red  colouration);<br>
                        <br>
                                * Infrared False Color which should
                        gives the observed minium a<br>
                        yellow-brown  colour. Analytical techniques:<br>
                        <br>
                        In case you have the oppurtunity to<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      analyse it with RAMAN, you can find a reference
                      spectrum here.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        For<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      a reference spectrum of minium using XRF: here.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        Another thing is the question whether this die
                        was excavated and brought<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      directly to your collection or was it once part of
                      a (private)collection<br>
                      and<br>
                      excavated a long time ago.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        This is an important question since it could
                        provide an answer to whether<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      or not this colouration is original.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        I know from my experiences with the conservation
                        of precious ivory<br>
                        objects<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      that they are often repainted (repolychromed)
                      throughout time, even<br>
                      though their<br>
                      iconography or typology gives us reasons to
                      believe that they originally<br>
                      weren't<br>
                      polychromed or not polychromed in such manner as
                      they are today.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <br>
                        To get back on the minium pigment, more
                        information can be found in:<br>
                                * Eastaugh, N., Walsh, V., Chaplin, T.,
                        & Siddall, R. (2008).<br>
                        Pigment  Compendium - A Dictionary and Optical
                        Microscopy of Historical<br>
                        Pigments.  Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.<br>
                        <br>
                                * Feller, R. L., Gettens, R. J., &
                        Chase, W. T. (1993).<br>
                        Vermilion and  Cinnabar. In R. Ashok, Artists'
                        Pigments - A Handbook of<br>
                        Their History and  Characteristics. (Vol. II,
                        pp. 159-182).<br>
                        Washington-London: National Gallery  of Art.<br>
                        <br>
                        <br>
                        Another book I can recommend on staining and
                        colouring bone materials is:<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      McGregor. A. (1985) Bone, Antler, Ivory &
                      Horn: The Technology of Skeletal<br>
                      Materials Since the Roman Period.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        I don't have it here with me for the moment, but
                        as you wish, I can<br>
                        always<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      go through it to find more information on red
                      staining or colouring.<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <br>
                        Yours,<br>
                        <br>
                        Vincent Cattersel<br>
                        <br>
                        Drs.<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      VINCENT CATTERSEL<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        Doctoral researcher<br>
                        Universiteit<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      Antwerpen / University of Antwerp<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        Faculteit<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      Ontwerpwetenschappen / Faculty of Design Sciences<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        Opleiding<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      conservatie-restauratie / Conservation Studies<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        Blindestraat<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      9<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        B-2000<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      Antwerpen<br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        T +32 3 213 71<br>
                        <br>
                      </blockquote>
                      34 | F <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                        href="tel:%2B32%203%20213%2071%2035"
                        target="_blank" value="+3232137135">+32 3 213 71
                        35</a><br>
                      <br>
                      <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                        <a moz-do-not-send="true"
                          href="mailto:vincent.cattersel@uantwerpen.be"
                          target="_blank">vincent.cattersel@uantwerpen.be</a><br>
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                        <br>
                        On 15 April 2014 09:06, David Constantine <<a
                          moz-do-not-send="true"
                          href="mailto:dkconstantine@btinternet.com"
                          target="_blank">dkconstantine@btinternet.com</a>><br>
                        wrote:<br>
                        <br>
                        <br>
                         Hello All,<br>
                        <blockquote class="gmail_quote">
                          <br>
                          Attached is an image of a (probably) Saxon
                          bone/antler  die. As can be<br>
                          seen, there is reddish pigmentation in the
                          decoration. I have  looked<br>
                          around for similar colouring and with the
                          exception of a "lucet" from<br>
                           London I cannot seem to find anything
                          similar, just totally stained<br>
                          objects  e.g. the belt buckle from York. Does
                          anyone here know of any Early<br>
                          Medieval  dated bone artefacts that are either
                          entirely stained/dyed or<br>
                          have coloured  decoration such as this?<br>
                          <br>
                          Regards,<br>
                          <br>
                          David<br>
                          <br>
                        </blockquote>
                          Constantine<br>
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    <pre class="moz-signature" cols="72">-- 
François POPLIN 

Directeur honoraire de l’UMR 7209 Archéozoologie, Archébotanique : sociétés, pratiques et environnements 

Responsable du Séminaire d'Anthropozoologie 

Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle 
CP 56 
Ancien Laboratoire d’Anatomie comparée 
55, rue de Buffon 
75005 Paris 
01 40 79 33 11 
fax ------ 33 14 

francoispoplin.blogspot.com
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