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<DIV>Dear Sonia and Vincent, </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Thank you for your replies. </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>I have successfully produced a reasonable quantity of verdigris myself for
staining experiments, using the method you described Vincent, but I haven’t
tried it with urine yet. Did you try dyeing any material when you produced it,
or was the production of verdigris alone the experiment?</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>So the rivets in this comb (<A
title=http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X035781&objnr=20052916
href="http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X035781&objnr=20052916">http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X035781&objnr=20052916</A>)
were bronze? I had thought iron from the brown around them, and presumed it was
ferrous staining.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Regards,</DIV>
<DIV><BR>David Constantine</DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; COLOR: #000000; FONT-SIZE: small; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none">
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<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV style="BACKGROUND: #f5f5f5">
<DIV style="font-color: black"><B>From:</B> <A title=vincent.cattersel@gmail.com
href="mailto:vincent.cattersel@gmail.com">Vincent Cattersel</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Sent:</B> Thursday, April 17, 2014 1:36 PM</DIV>
<DIV><B>To:</B> <A title=bonetools@listserv.niif.hu
href="mailto:bonetools@listserv.niif.hu">Mailing list for archaeologists of the
research group for the study of object and waste of bone, antler. ivory and
horn.</A> </DIV>
<DIV><B>Subject:</B> Re: [Bonetools] Colouring bone</DIV></DIV></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV
style="FONT-STYLE: normal; DISPLAY: inline; FONT-FAMILY: 'Calibri'; COLOR: #000000; FONT-SIZE: small; FONT-WEIGHT: normal; TEXT-DECORATION: none">
<DIV dir=ltr>Dear David and Sonia,
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>the rivets were bronze so the green colouration could well be coming from
the rivets' oxidation. However this staining was limited to the surface (surface
of the cortical bone) and not in sub-surface layers. Therefore we assume that
the colouration was done deliberately. </DIV>
<DIV>Based on our data, a relationship with a certain recipe wasn't possible but
we think it was a copper based product (so called <I>verdigris</I>, basic copper
acetate<FONT face="arial, helvetica, sans-serif">, Cu(OH)<FONT size=1>2</FONT> ·
(CH<FONT size=1>3</FONT>COO)<FONT size=1>2</FONT> · 5 H<FONT size=1>2</FONT>O).
</FONT></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>You also mention the use of urine, which was frequently used for producing
metal salt based pigments. The urine itself induces the corrosion on the copper
sample. After it is corroded, one can scratch of the crystals, grind them to the
desired particle size, add a medium (e.g. oil, wax) et voilà, a green pigment.
See these two pictures from an experiment I have done in 2003. </DIV>
<DIV><IMG style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" alt="Inline images 2"
src="cid:0036A3DE80F04D0F9D1B7DDF0DC19F0A@WorkshopPC" width=343
height=407> <IMG style="MARGIN-RIGHT: 0px" alt="Inline images 1"
src="cid:9AC11324A20C45839A26371225C9E93A@WorkshopPC" width=403
height=403></DIV>
<DIV>On the first picture you can see small slabs of copper hanging above
vinegar (I could have well replaced the vinegar with urine). There should be no
contact between the copper slabs and the fluid. The vapours of the fluid induces
the corrosion process. On the second picture you can see the actual scrapings of
the copper acetate crystals, which are ready to use. One often read in
historical recipes that the jar should be buried in horse dong. The bacterial
activity in the latter produces heat (sometimes +70° Celcius) and therefore it
significantly increases the corrosion process and reduces the production time.
<BR></DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Sonia: </DIV>
<DIV>the object you have mailed also has the same green colouration as I would
expect from an object coloured with a basic copper acetate based pigment. What
draws my attention is the brownish decolouration on both sides of that object.
Copper acetate is quite unstable and when exposed to light and a 'high degree of
humidity' it turns into the more stable molecule copper oxide, which is brown to
black.</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV> </DIV>
<DIV>Yours,</DIV>
<DIV>Vincent Cattersel</DIV>
<DIV> </DIV></DIV>
<DIV class=gmail_extra><BR><BR>
<DIV class=gmail_quote>On 17 April 2014 13:36, SA O'Connor <SPAN dir=ltr><<A
href="mailto:S.Oconnor@bradford.ac.uk"
target=_blank>S.Oconnor@bradford.ac.uk</A>></SPAN> wrote:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>Dear David,<BR><BR>Back in the 1980s, when I was at the York
Archaeological Trust we were involved in providing green stained objects for
an undergraduate dissertation by a University of Bradford, Archaeological
Sciences, student (surname of Edwards, I think) to look at exactly this
question. Some objects seemed to be accidentally stained (often very
patchy) whilst others were intensely and evenly stained and were considered to
be deliberately coloured. All were analysed by XRF and copper/bronze proved to
be the basis of all the staining solutions used.<BR><BR>In my more recent work
I have documented historical pieces, such selected elements of bone and antler
in box and gun inlays and bone and ivory cutlery handles(and working waste
from cutlers) that are undeniably deliberately stained.<BR><BR>I attach a low
resolution image an archaeological example, a buckle at the Yorkshire Museum
that I am convinced is deliberately stained in this way.<BR><BR>All the
best,<BR><BR>Sonia<BR><BR> Quoting David Constantine <<A
href="mailto:dkconstantine@btinternet.com"
target=_blank>dkconstantine@btinternet.com</A>><U></U>:<BR><BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>
<DIV>
<DIV class=h5>I am aware that copper (or alloys) is often cited as a green
dye for (such as in MacGregor 1985), but I believe there is also recipes
from the Mappae Clavicula that use weld, urine and "lulax" to dye bone
green, so I was curious to see if any chemical analysis has been performed
to determine how the green has been achieved.<BR><BR>Looking at the zoomed
images, I believe the rivets are iron.<BR><BR>Regards, <BR><BR>David
Constantine <BR><BR><BR>______________________________<U></U>__<BR>From:
Kordula Gostencnik <<A href="mailto:kgosten@gmail.com"
target=_blank>kgosten@gmail.com</A>><BR>To: "Mailing list for
archaeologists of the research group for the study of object and waste of
bone, antler. ivory and horn." <<A
href="mailto:bonetools@listserv.niif.hu"
target=_blank>bonetools@listserv.niif.hu</A>><BR>Sent: Wednesday, 16
April 2014, 20:21<BR>Subject: Re: [Bonetools] Colouring
bone<BR><BR><BR><BR>Green stains are normally caused by bronze objects or
copper alloy scrap associated with worked bones in the soil. Are the rivets
all made from iron or also from
bronze?<BR> <BR>Kordula<BR><BR><BR><BR>2014-04-16 17:15 GMT+02:00 Dave
Constantine <<A href="mailto:dkconstantine@btinternet.com"
target=_blank>dkconstantine@btinternet.com</A>><U></U>:<BR><BR>Thank you
all for your replies.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><BR>Vincent, the green stained comb you linked is rather
interesting. Do you<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>know what the green pigment is? Also,
looking at the images, it seems that it is<BR>no more than a surface
colourant with little penetration, is this correct?<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><BR>Thank you for your suggestion of minium, I was at a
loss about what it<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>could be. It is not a fresh find, it was
originally discovered in the 1960s (or<BR>possibly 1970s) and mounted on a
card for display. To the best of my knowledge<BR>though, the colouring is
original, though it is possible that the surface was<BR>also coloured and
this has simply failed to survive.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><BR>I have Arthur MacGregor’s book, and very useful it
is too on the matter of<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>colouring.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><BR>Regards,<BR><BR>David
Constantine<BR><BR><BR> <BR>From: Vincent Cattersel<BR>Sent:
Wednesday, April 16, 2014 2:03 PM<BR>To: Mailing list for archaeologists
of the<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>research group for the study of object and waste of
bone, antler. ivory and<BR>horn.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>Subject: Re: [Bonetools] Colouring bone<BR> Dear
all,<BR> <BR>this is a first where I might be able to contribute to
this group, but I'm<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>happy to do so:<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><BR>In 2008 I have conserved and restored 8 bone/antler
combs from the<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>Merovingian period at the Royal Institute for
Cultural Heritage (Brussels,<BR>Belgium). These combs are currently
preserved at the Royal Museums of Art and<BR>History in Brussels,
Belgium.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>Here you can find pictures of a few of them (click on
the pictures to get a<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>zoomable high resolution image):<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><A
href="http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X026849&objnr=20042741"
target=_blank>http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.<U></U>php?path=X026849&objnr=<U></U>20042741</A><BR><BR><A
href="http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X035781&objnr=20052916"
target=_blank>http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.<U></U>php?path=X035781&objnr=<U></U>20052916</A><BR></BLOCKQUOTE>(green
staining on the surface, carbon black in the circular<BR>motives)<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><BR><A
href="http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X026845&objnr=20052917"
target=_blank>http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.<U></U>php?path=X026845&objnr=<U></U>20052917</A><BR><BR><A
href="http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X038388&objnr=20052919"
target=_blank>http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.<U></U>php?path=X038388&objnr=<U></U>20052919</A><BR><BR><A
href="http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.php?path=X035783&objnr=20052922"
target=_blank>http://balat.kikirpa.be/photo.<U></U>php?path=X035783&objnr=<U></U>20052922</A><BR><BR> <BR>Some
of these where coloured and stained with green and carbon black.
We<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>used µ-XRF, µ-RAMAN and SEM(-EDX) to analyse the stains
and the carbon black<BR>particles.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><BR>So staining and colouring isn't that uncommon, as
you probably already<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>know.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><BR>When I look at the picture, I can see that the red
is slightly orange,<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>which makes me think about the pigment
lead red (also called 'minium' or lead<BR>tetra-oxide, Pb3O4). This isn't
a<BR>surprise since it is one of the oldest known vivid red pigments (except
for some<BR>iron oxide pigments derived from hematite and red earth or
cinnabar (HgS),<BR>however they all are true 'reddish' in colour and lack
the hint of orange).<BR></DIV></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>
<DIV>
<DIV class=h5><BR> <BR>Some simple identification techniques for
minium are:<BR></DIV></DIV> *
Ultraviolet fluorescence (if minium, it minium it should show a dark
red colouration);<BR><BR>
* Infrared False Color which should gives the observed minium a
yellow-brown colour. Analytical techniques:
<DIV><BR>In case you have the oppurtunity to<BR></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV>analyse it with RAMAN, you can find a reference spectrum here.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>For<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>a reference spectrum of minium using
XRF: here.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><BR> <BR> <BR>Another thing is the question
whether this die was excavated and brought<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>directly to your
collection or was it once part of a (private)collection and<BR>excavated a
long time ago.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>This is an important question since it could provide an
answer to whether<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>or not this colouration is original.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>I know from my experiences with the conservation of
precious ivory objects<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>that they are often repainted
(repolychromed) throughout time, even though their<BR>iconography or
typology gives us reasons to believe that they originally
weren't<BR>polychromed or not polychromed in such manner as they are
today.<BR></DIV>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>
<DIV><BR>To get back on the minium pigment, more information can be found
in:<BR></DIV> * Eastaugh, N.,
Walsh, V., Chaplin, T., & Siddall, R. (2008). Pigment Compendium
- A Dictionary and Optical Microscopy of Historical Pigments.
Oxford:
Butterworth-Heinemann.<BR><BR> *
Feller, R. L., Gettens, R. J., & Chase, W. T. (1993). Vermilion
and Cinnabar. In R. Ashok, Artists' Pigments - A Handbook of Their
History and Characteristics. (Vol. II, pp. 159-182).
Washington-London: National Gallery of Art.
<DIV>
<DIV class=h5><BR> <BR>Another book I can recommend on staining and
colouring bone materials is:<BR></DIV></DIV></BLOCKQUOTE>
<DIV>
<DIV class=h5>McGregor. A. (1985) Bone, Antler, Ivory & Horn: The
Technology of Skeletal<BR>Materials Since the Roman Period.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>I don't have it here with me for the moment, but as you
wish, I can always<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>go through it to find more information on
red staining or colouring.<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><BR>Yours,<BR> <BR>Vincent
Cattersel<BR> <BR>Drs.<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>VINCENT CATTERSEL<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>Doctoral
researcher<BR>Universiteit<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>Antwerpen / University of
Antwerp<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>Faculteit<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>Ontwerpwetenschappen / Faculty
of Design Sciences<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>Opleiding<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>conservatie-restauratie /
Conservation Studies<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>Blindestraat<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>9<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>B-2000<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>Antwerpen<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>T +32 3 213 71<BR></BLOCKQUOTE>34 | F <A
href="tel:%2B32%203%20213%2071%2035" target=_blank value="+3232137135">+32 3
213 71 35</A><BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote><A href="mailto:vincent.cattersel@uantwerpen.be"
target=_blank>vincent.cattersel@uantwerpen.<U></U>be</A><BR><A
href="http://www.uantwerpen.be"
target=_blank>www.uantwerpen.be</A><BR><BR> <BR> <BR> <BR><BR><BR><BR>On
15 April 2014 09:06, David Constantine <<A
href="mailto:dkconstantine@btinternet.com"
target=_blank>dkconstantine@btinternet.com</A>> wrote:<BR><BR><BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>Hello All,<BR> <BR>Attached is an image of a
(probably) Saxon bone/antler die. As can be seen, there is reddish
pigmentation in the decoration. I have looked around for similar
colouring and with the exception of a "lucet" from London I cannot
seem to find anything similar, just totally stained objects e.g.
the belt buckle from York. Does anyone here know of any Early
Medieval dated bone artefacts that are either entirely
stained/dyed or have coloured decoration such as
this?<BR> <BR>Regards,<BR><BR>David<BR></BLOCKQUOTE></BLOCKQUOTE>
Constantine<BR>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
class=gmail_quote>
<BLOCKQUOTE
style="BORDER-LEFT: #ccc 1px solid; MARGIN: 0px 0px 0px 0.8ex; PADDING-LEFT: 1ex"
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