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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-GB link=blue vlink=purple><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dear Fiona,<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Here are a couple of images of elephant ivory for comparison with your bone. <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Ivory (dentine), of course, has no vascular system but is finely laminar (see smooth surface of image 1). Elephant ivory exhibits Schreger lines (due to the regular organisation of the dentinal tubules) that form the characteristic cross-hatching of the transverse section and the irregular striated appearance to the longitudinal surfaces (image 2). In archaeological examples these features can be made clearly visible by staining. The surface of concentric fractures which develop between the lamellae of elephant ivory have a distinctive, longitudinally corrugated appearance (see damaged area, image 1). I hope this helps.<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Sonia<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:72.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Dr Sonia O'Connor </span><span style='font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>PhD FSA FIIC ACR Honorary Visiting Fellow, University of York</span><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:72.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Post-doctoral Research Fellow<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:72.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Archaeological Sciences<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:72.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Division of AGES, <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:72.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>University of Bradford<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:72.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:72.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:72.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>tel 01274 23 6498 (office) 5210 (lab)<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-left:72.0pt'><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'>fax 01274 23 5210<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:#1F497D'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><div style='border:none;border-top:solid #B5C4DF 1.0pt;padding:3.0pt 0cm 0cm 0cm'><p class=MsoNormal><b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'>From:</span></b><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif"'> bonetools-bounces@listserv.niif.hu [mailto:bonetools-bounces@listserv.niif.hu] <b>On Behalf Of </b>fiona beglane<br><b>Sent:</b> 09 January 2014 21:53<br><b>To:</b> Mailing list for archaeologists of the research group for the study of object and waste of bone, antler. ivory and horn.<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Bonetools] ivory(?) double bead dumbbell bead<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:14.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Dear all,<br>Thank you for those comments and suggestions. It would make perfect sense for this to be two conjoined beads that have not yet been separated rather than a dumb bell bead - I had wondered about the asymmetric join between the beads. This would fit much better with the site chronology as there is really very little evidence for Early Medieval activity. The interpretation as rosary beads is also a very good fit as during the later medieval period this site was a Cistercian monastery. <br><br>Thank you to Sonia for identifying both the material and the function, to all of you for your suggestions and to Marta for this excellent attached paper<o:p></o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Sonia - would you have a photomicrograph of ivory as a comparison to bone? I would be very interested to see the difference between them. I had assumed that the dark spots were smaller versions of the larger dark areas ie staining. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>All the best<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Fiona<o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span lang=EN-US style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'><br><br><br></span><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Tahoma","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><div><div><div><div class=MsoNormal align=center style='text-align:center;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><hr size=1 width="100%" align=center></span></div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'>From:</span></b><span style='font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'> Marta Moreno García <<a href="mailto:marta.moreno@cchs.csic.es">marta.moreno@cchs.csic.es</a>><br><b>To:</b> <a href="mailto:bonetools@listserv.niif.hu">bonetools@listserv.niif.hu</a> <br><b>Sent:</b> Wednesday, January 8, 2014 11:01 AM<br><b>Subject:</b> Re: [Bonetools] ivory(?) double bead dumbbell bead</span><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p></div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><div id=yiv1013581260><div><div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Dear Fiona and all, <br><br>May be you would be interested in the following paper that I published with other colleagues in 2010. There you can find a detailed account of the process Sonia has described on her e-mail, regarding bead production. In the Spanish case we argued they were rosary beads.<br><br>Hope you enjoy the reading and happy New Year to all!<br><br>Best, <br>Marta<o:p></o:p></span></p><div id=yiv1013581260yqtfd62727><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><br>El 08/01/2014 0:47, SA O'Connor escribió:<o:p></o:p></span></p></div></div><blockquote style='margin-top:5.0pt;margin-bottom:5.0pt'><div id=yiv1013581260yqtfd33090><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>Dear Fiona, <br><br>Thank you for the additional images. The visible features confirm that the object is bone, most probably turned from a thick strip of a large mammal longbone. <br><br>I have attached the two most diagnostic pictures. The whole bead shows the axially oriented, regularly spaced lines of dark spots and dashes formed by the vascular system of the bone. Your photomicrograph clearly shows a branching blood vessel in the bone. <br><br>I have some experience turning lace bobbins in bone and I think this 'dumbbell' bead may not be a single complete bead but two unfinished beads. <br><br>To make these beads you start with a length of compact bone tissue that is drilled down the centre. Several beads are turned along the bone strip in one go but are left attached to each other. When the shaping is complete the bone strip is removed from the lathe and only then is a cut made between the beads to separate them. If you try to part the beads whilst they are turning on the lathe they will fly off in all directions when the chisel cuts through to the drilled hole! <br><br>If you look at the waist between the beads you will see that one side is vertical and the other sloped and marked with a deep groove. These features ensure that the beads are cut apart accurately. Either these beads were dropped before they could be separated or they were discarded because they were sub-standard. Perhaps some of the visible surface blemishes were apparent when the bone was fresh. <br><br>Could they be Rosary beads? <br><br>All the best, <br><br>Sonia <br><br>Quoting fiona beglane <a href="mailto:fionabeglane@yahoo.com" target="_blank"><fionabeglane@yahoo.com></a>: <br><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'>See the attached image. I have this double bead which seems to be made of ivory. It was found on a medieval and post medieval site in Ireland. L=10.14mm, dia=5.55mm and is perforated. I know that double beads have been found in early medieval sites in Ireland - usually made of glass. Does anyone know of any other bone or ivory examples from Ireland or elsewhere? <br>Thank you all <br><br>Fiona <o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><br><br><br>---------------------------------------------------------------- <br>This message was sent using IMP, the Internet Messaging Program. <o:p></o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><br><br><br><o:p></o:p></span></p><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>_______________________________________________<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>Bonetools mailing list<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'><a href="mailto:Bonetools@listserv.niif.hu" target="_blank">Bonetools@listserv.niif.hu</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'><a href="https://listserv.niif.hu/mailman/listinfo/bonetools" target="_blank">https://listserv.niif.hu/mailman/listinfo/bonetools</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre></blockquote><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>-- <o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>Dra. Marta Moreno-García<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>G.I. Arqueobiología.<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>Instituto de Historia<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>Centro de Ciencias Humanas y Sociales (CCHS). CSIC<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>Albasanz 26-28. 28037 Madrid. Spain<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>Tel: +34 91 6022384<o:p></o:p></span></pre><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'>e-mail: <a href="mailto:marta.moreno@cchs.csic.es" target="_blank">marta.moreno@cchs.csic.es</a><o:p></o:p></span></pre><div id=yiv1013581260yqtfd54549><pre style='background:white'><span style='color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></pre></div></div></div><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><br>_______________________________________________<br>Bonetools mailing list<br><a href="mailto:Bonetools@listserv.niif.hu">Bonetools@listserv.niif.hu</a><br><a href="https://listserv.niif.hu/mailman/listinfo/bonetools" target="_blank">https://listserv.niif.hu/mailman/listinfo/bonetools</a><o:p></o:p></span></p><div id=yqtfd88664><p class=MsoNormal style='background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div><p class=MsoNormal style='margin-bottom:12.0pt;background:white'><span style='font-family:"Helvetica","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p></div></div></div></div></div></body></html>